Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman in the village of Anatevka, struggles to maintain his cultural and religious traditions in the face of changing social conventions. His strong-willed wife, Golde, and their five daughters challenge his attempts to adhere to these traditions with their desires for independence and romance. The local matchmaker arranges marriages in accordance with village customs, but Tevye's daughters progressively push against these norms. Each daughter's rebellion against tradition forces Tevye to wrestle with his faith and principles, testing the strength and flexibility of his beliefs.

In the midst of these familial challenges, the village contends with increasing governmental oppression and anti-semitism from the forces of the Tsar. Tevye's internal struggles with modernity versus tradition are mirrored by the village's wider conflict with its uncertain and perilous future. As Tevye navigates these personal and communal crises, the bonds of family and community take center stage, illustrating the tenacity and resilience required to withstand external threats and internal turmoil. The story culminates in a crucial moment where Tevye must reconcile his love for his daughters with his adherence to tradition, right before transformative events that will shape the future of the family and the village.